Six Ancient African War Weapons
By: Priscilla Wiredu Africa is a continent filled with diverse cultures, people, traditions, and different ways of life. Africa embodies a reputation that is known for creating unique weapons during times of war before the colonial era. These weapons were also used for other activities such as grazing, traditional ceremonies, and events of prestige. There are many distinct kinds of African war weaponry, each with its own story and importance. Human development was said to have peaked with the advancement of tools made in Africa. This article will explore the six most recognized historical African war weapons. The Senegal Dagger Dated as far back as the mid-1800s, the Senegal Dagger was created and used predominantly in times of battle in West Africa. These daggers were made from materials such as bone and iron. The blade of the dagger is commonly compared to a Sanduko Y Daga, a Filipino sword. Modern designs encompass the hilt of the barrel shaped as a Spanish colonial knife. This design included the pommel and stacked disks encompassing the roots of West Africa where the Spanish would often visit. Mambele Mambele swords are a category of swords that were used in Northern and Southern Africa dated as far back as the 1800s. These swords were used for war and for hunting purposes to capture food sources. The sword was made from iron and the design included a sickle-shape with broad blade tip and curved blade for precision and accuracy. The use of a Mambele knife depends on the blade length and curvature. Larger ones were used accompanied with a shield. The way to fight with them required swift footwork and unexpected strikes. Not very useful against armor, the Mambele were also used as a form of intimidation as opposed to being on the battlefield. Smaller Mambele swords were used for hunting, and as a throwing knife against an animal. The blade allows for it to tear across a hide, and conquer prey easily. Nimcha Created around the 17th-18th century, the Nimcha was a weapon used in parts of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. In 1732, it was first used in the battle of Oran, where the Spanish had besieged their land. As with the Mambele, the Nimcha comes in a variety of different forms and were imported from Europe. The two main forms, however, were either a short, deep curved blade or a longer, slender blade with a clipped point. Nimcha hilts are displayed forward, ending in a bud-type style. They are designed to have wooden handles which are flat sided and squared off at a 90 degree handle. These weapons served many purposes and were used on land by warriors and on sea by sailors. The popularity of the Nimcha flourished more at sea, especially in southern Arabia, Yemen, and Zanzibar, where they adopted the design and changed it over time to better suit their needs during battle. Zanzibari swords were more sharply bent with a finger guard, with a cap on the pommel to secure the blade. Arabian Nimcha were used as gifts rather than weapons. Kaskara Believed to have been created around the 16th century, the Kaskara sword is representative of the Western African Savanna front, most notably in places like Chad and the Sudan. Many modern Kaskara swords are known to have a European influence on them, and are created and sold for profit in different parts of Europe. The Kaskara is often worn horizontally across the back, between the upper arm and thorax. The blade measures at about a yard long, is double edged, with a spatula-shaped tip. Unfortunately, many Kaskara swords now may not exist without any European labeling or influence upon them. Many Kaskara today are said to be dated back to the 19th century instead of 400 years earlier, with European designs. Obtaining an authentic fully-African Kaskara is extremely rare in the present times. Khopesh Possibly the oldest weapon on this list, the Khopesh traces centuries back to the third millennium BC in Sumer. It was first derived from axes and were made to fight in combat, making it a unique form of specialized ax. Earlier versions of the Khopesh lacked hilt guards, and the weight of the sword guaranteed enhanced efficiency while cutting through dense materials. A slice from the Khopesh guarantees a slash instead of a deep wound. As the Khopesh evolved, however, garnering an all-metal blade with bronze casting, the cutting power became more aligned and deliberate. The Khopesh is an important tool of Egyptian history, as it became the typical weapon of choice amongst Ancient Egyptian warriors. It is even believed by historians that the Khopesh was the first curved blade to be used as a war sword. From 1570 to 1070 BC, the Khopesh became a symbolic and meaningful representation of royalty, power, and status. This began during the Ptolemaic Dynasty up until the fall of the Egyptian Empire by Rome. Afrakena The Afrakena sword was, and still is, an important part in the Ashanti People of Ghana’s life. These people use this particular sword for ceremonies and traditions. The Dutch had first sighted the use of the Afrakena in the 17th century, noting it as a viable form of the double-edged sword. A video demonstrates how the sword is created and used in many versatile ways. The Afrakena was first used in war, and the blade made it one of the most easily recognizable in history. Its blade is curved and broad, with an unsharpened piece at its neck that allows a stronger and powerful grip to guide movements. The blade is shaped like a spade, one that curves upward toward its tip. Afrakena swords were mostly made out of iron or or imported steel, with flat blades and symbols on them that represented a different virtue. These virtues included spirituality, luck, fortune, and patience. Notably using them in holy and sacred rituals. The sword’s guard and pommel are shaped like a ball that can be made from wood or gold, used
‘Black is Beautiful’ – A Cultural Movement
By: Priscilla Wiredu Black history is not solely recognized for its innovation or how many inventions are accredited by Black inventors, meaningful to society. It is a prime example of confidence, resilience, and a drive to achieve success. One of the most important aspects of Black history is the praise and awareness of self-love. Black people have had to uphold principles of admiration and self-worth to undo the discriminatory injustices held over their livelihood and reputation. When speaking on Black pride, individuals always remember the famous mantra: “Black is Beautiful.” The Cultural Movement Black is Beautiful is more than a quote that encourages the Black community to love themselves and their melanated skin. It started as a cultural movement that began in the 1960s, in America among the fight for equal human rights and Black representation within institutions. In 1962, the movement gained popularity when a nightclub in Harlem known as the Purple Manor was hosting a fashion show called Naturally ‘62. Organized by the African Jazz-Art Society and Studios (AJASS) famed photographer Kwame Brathwaite photographed Black models who rebelled against Western beauty standards. These models expressed their culture and heritage in their most natural self by wearing their hair in afros, as they walked down the aisle wearing traditional clothing. The show was a success that left a profound impact and garnered an encore performance the next night. Soon, it would be recognized as the start of a powerful cultural movement known as Black is Beautiful. Timeline The Naturally ‘62 models were labelled as the Grandassa Models. This name originated from the word ‘Grandassaland,’ a term Black nationalist Carlos Cooks referred to as Africa. What made this fashion show successful was not only the display of Black women, but how these models were hard working women, educators, friends, activists, and homeowners, who took pride and ownership in their Afrocentric self despite social pressure to conform to Western beauty ideals. The positive feedback of the fashion show enabled Black is Beautiful to become a lucrative theme of its kind. Black is Beautiful was marketed almost immediately, with people claiming that they saw something different that they had never seen before. This was Black people unapologetically admiring their skin and exuding Black beauty for Western society to see. The years following brought greater awareness to the movement as Black is Beautiful was recognized among other cities around the country. Kwame Brathwaite was known for helping the movement gain momentum, as his unique photographs captured the evolution and essence of Black beauty and glory in a natural lens. Black is Beautiful is an influential movement that focuses on Black consciousness and the Black Arts movement. However, there was not much support towards Naturally ‘62 when it first debuted. Despite the ongoing militant reform coupled with the civil rights movement, many Black nationalists preferred Black women to possess westernized facial and body features including straight hair, light skin, and a thin body type. Despite this unrealistic expectation, some Activists, such as Abbey Lincoln and Max Roach helped garner attention to the fashion show. This led to increased popularity of the message. Soon after, the Grandassas models appeared on jazz album covers, campaigns for African and Caribbean magazines, and a special feature in an exhibition by the late Brathwaite at the New York Historical Society Museum and Library. The Impact Feminist Sociologist Dr. Meeta Rani Jha illustrated in her book The Global Beauty Industry: Colorism, Racism, and the National Body about how the Black is Beautiful movement was an anti-racist challenge to the dominant White beauty, therefore destabilizing its cultural power. The philosophy behind Black is Beautiful is not only focused on self-love and confidence, but also on emotional and mental well-being. By affirming natural Afro hairstyles and dark skin tones, the Black is Beautiful movement addressed many important aspects of Black identity that are known to this day. Pride and Power African Americans took on these styles to connect to African culture and heritage. Ancient African grooming tools such as the Afro pick were redesigned to encourage Black pride and political/cultural adherence to the Black Power movement. A Cultural Revolution The Black is Beautiful movement also demonstrated itself in the arts, with Black writers using their creativity to support and birth a new Black cultural revolution. Black scholars urged Black Americans to reconnect to African countries, whether it was studying popular languages including Swahili, or reading African literature. Icons of the Black Arts Movement Quite possibly the most remarkable part of the Black is Beautiful movement is the Black celebrities who participated within the movement. Arts Activist Amiri Baraka founded the Black Arts Repertory Theatre School in Harlem and the Spirit House in Newark, New Jersey. His initiatives to encourage Black pride inspired other Black arts organizations across the East Coast, which helped the national movement gain greater awareness and knowledge among citizens. To this day, Black celebrities have made an attempt to contribute and remember Black is Beautiful. Some include Muhammad Ali, Oprah Winfrey, Alicia Keys and Rihanna. Many products and additional movements have been created to inspire Black pride and success for the Black youth and future generations. “Black is Beautiful was my directive. It was a time when people were protesting injustices related to race, class, and human rights around the globe. I focused on my craft so that I could use my gift to inspire thought, relay ideas, and tell stories about our struggle, our work, and our liberation.” – Photojournalist and Activist Kwame Brathwaite.
The Top Six Inventions by Black Inventors
By: Sydnee Walcott Inventions serve a unique purpose and play a fundamental role in life. They each allow individuals to access efficient services that strengthen security and safety. They further push inventors to think critically in a modern society and inspire them to contribute new technological advancements. While many white inventors are praised for their ingenuity and creative side, Black inventors receive little acknowledgement for the inventions that have changed many people’s lives, and are a part of their everyday routine. Inventions have the ability to transform our daily activities into ones that can become less stressful. Inventions provide a sense of stability and safety among others and can make completing daily tasks more tolerable. Without these complex and intricate designs there would be disorganization among all facets of life. Given the advantages of inventions, outlined are six recognizable inventions that were created by Black inventors: The Clock Invented by Benjamin Banneker The invention of timekeeping devices dates back to Ancient Egypt with the introduction of the shadow clock. The shadow clock was the first clock to be made in America, by a Black man. Benjamin Bannejer, the son of formerly enslaved parents, always had a knack for inventions at a young age. He created his first invention at the age of 15 for his family’s tobacco farm. Banneker not only had the time to focus on brainstorming unique ideas but was able to comprehend difficult concepts at a young age in how mechanisms operated. Banneker’s invention included an irrigation system that controlled and regulated the water flow to crops from nearby springs. He was accurate in the timing of the water flow and applied precision to create an efficient system that would help maintain healthy agriculture. However, his biggest invention would be brought to life years later in the 1950s with the invention of the first American clock. While borrowing a pocket watch from an acquaintance, Banneker took the internal body of the watch to study the components and created a fully functioning clock made out of carved wooden pieces. This newly-designed clock incorporated longevity that would last for decades. The success of his self-made clock received positive feedback and it led to Banneker opening up a watch clock repair business. This example demonstrates how there are avenues for success in places that deserve more attention. The clock invention has been used among everyone to help keep track of time during busy days. Mailbox Invented by Phillip Downing If an individual wanted to send or pick up mail they would have to take time out of their day to travel to the closest post office. This is a hassle for those who prefer to send and receive mail without having to make a commute. In 1891, this concept was revolutionized with the invention of the mailbox by Phillip Downing. Known as the street letter box at the time, the newly patented mailbox was convenient for many citizens and post office workers since it made drop-offs and pick-ups easier to manage. The mailbox included a feature that protected mail from being damaged from harsh inclement weather. In addition, a safety feature was incorporated that secured mail until it was picked up by a credible postal employee. Gas Mask Invented by Garret Morgan Firefighters are confronted with risking their lives to protect civilians in a short time frame. This occupation is risky, with some firefighters confronting a very tragic death. In the summer of 1916, there was work being done on a new waterworks tunnel in Cleveland, Ohio when a natural gas pocket exploded. The explosion took the lives of 11 tunnel workers. 18 rescuers entered the tunnel to find survivors with a total of 11 of them dying. The cause of death was due to the lack of safety equipment. The Cleveland Police contacted Garrett A. Morgan with the invention of a patented gas mask two years prior to the explosion. The invention of the gas mask was created after a fire that took the lives of 146 garment workers at a factory in New York in 1911. When smoke is inhaled it can inflame the lungs and cause fire-related deaths and injuries. Morgan had the idea to create an effective mask to provide safer ventilation and oxygen flow while confronted with smoke, gasses, and other harmful pollutants. Although Morgan was confronted with economic issues that hindered the success of the initial launch he worked hard to market the device to fire departments. The device was also used during World War I to protect soldiers from toxic gas. Morgan’s invention enabled many soldiers to successfully fight in battle for their country. Morgan won his first prize for the gas mask at the the Second International Exposition of Safety and Sanitation in New York City. Gas heating Furnace Invented by Alice H. Parker Snow can be enjoyable for many. Snowflakes are beautiful to look at and there are many fun activities people can enjoy in the snow. Some of these activities can include snowball fights, sledding, building a snow fort or simply enjoying the beauty of snowflakes. However, people criticize the freezing and icy temperatures that come with the beauty of snow. Before the invention of the gas heating furnace was created, most people would rely on a fireplace to help keep themselves warm during the cold season. Fireplaces did their job to help keep a building warm, but they were not entirely effective. Inspired by this ineffectiveness, Alice H. Parker invented the gas heating furnace. The furnace consisted of natural gas being pumped into the furnace, creating a heat exchange that processes warm air into the ducts that would generate enough heat to reach every room in a house. In 1919, Parker’s invention was successfully patented and became a starting point for the current heating, ventilation, and air conditioning models we currently enjoy at our own convenience without having to find natural resources for heating. Home Security System Invented by Mary Van Brittan Brown A home is a place
Popular Fashion Started by Black People
By: Sydnee Walcott Black culture is not only embedded in the performing arts scene, but in the fashion scene as well. Historically, Black culture has inspired some of the most groundbreaking fashion trends that transcend to future generations. Unfortunately, Black people continuously face challenges when achieving recognition for their creativity in the fashion industry. The dynamic between the fashion industry and Black culture has always been a challenging relationship. Over the years, popular fashion trends created by Black people have been appropriated and whitewashed by reputable fashion brands. Celebrities often fail to give Black people the recognition that they deserve as they continue to profit off of their designs. A majority of popular clothing, jewelry, nail art, and hairstyle trends include cultural designs and aesthetics from the Black community. Outlined are some of the most popular fashion trends that originated from the culture: The baggy pants trend has a political undertone that resists the status quo, with the style stemming from the loose fitted pants prisoners wore in jail cells. The style would be elevated in the 90s with female celebrities like Aaliyah giving the baggy look a feminine yet edgy touch. Besides rocking her signature hairstyle, the late singer was often seen wearing a tight-fitted shirt known as a crop top with a pair of baggy jeans. Although Aaliyah is known for trending this style, she was not the only artist who brought this style to life during the 90s. The girl group TLC also brought this style to the forefront as members were often actively seen supporting the girly-tomboy style. Although Aaliyah passed away over 20 years ago, she continues to leave a mark on the fashion industry with this popular fashion trend that everyone wants to follow. During the 2000s, sneaker culture has become desired, but its history dates back to the 1960s with the help of Black basketball players who proved that sneakers do not solely have a purpose for the courts. In the 1970s, shoe companies like Puma and Nike recognized how popular sneakers were becoming within the Black community, and wanted to contribute to its commercialization. It was not until the 1980s when sneaker culture would take off as a popular trend with the release of the Air Jordan sneakers by the retired basketball champion himself, Michael Jordan. By the start of the 2000s, sneaker culture had achieved popularity in almost every part of the world and saw no sign of reverting back to traditional sneaker trends. Cornrows, laid edges, weaves, and wigs are protective styles that have been a part of Black culture for many centuries. Not only do these styles help with achieving and maintaining healthy hair, but they also play a significant role in representing Black culture. From the 1960s and 70s, there was a resurgence in these styles. Many Black people began to embrace their heritage during the Black Power Movement. Unfortunately, while Black girls and women have faced criticism for being labelled as “ghetto” for wearing hairstyles that represent their culture, White and Non-Black women are described as “edgy” for wearing hairstyles affiliated with Black culture. White women are providing a positive connotation to these traditional hairstyles while Black women are subjected to discrimination for embracing their identity. This is not to say that Non-Black people cannot wear these hairstyles, however, appropriating them and choosing to not give Black people well-deserved recognition for these styles is unfair and discriminatory. Nail aesthetics date back to Ancient Egypt with royals like Cleopatra and Queen Nefertiti engaging in painting their fingernails and toenails red — a colour that represents a symbol of courage. Florence Griffith-Joyner, a three-time record breaking Olympic track and field athlete, is known to have brought this trend to the modern era during the 1988 Olympics. Not only was her talent as an athlete recognized, but her long acrylic nails were viewed as unique and intriguing. In the 1990s, Black women continued to popularize acrylic nails during the rise of Hip-Hop and R&B culture. The pierced nail look, which involved a piercing of the tip of a nail where a small ring can be added, became popular during this decade with the help of Janet Jackson marketing the look. Today, long acrylic nails are still a common trend with celebrities like Rihanna, Nicki Minaj, and Cardi B continuing to support the long acrylic look. Without Black culture, a lot of popular fashion trends would not have been recognized. So it is important to give Black people credit for their innovative and creative styles, as they helped transform the fashion industry to focus on uniqueness.
Black People Who Revolutionalized The Hair Industry
By: Sydnee Walcott Blacks Who Revolutionized The Hair Industry By: Sydnee Walcott For women of colour, hair is a form of expression that encompasses their identity and culture for centuries. Different hairstyles such as cornrows, single braids, dreadlocks, and afros help with presenting who Black people are and the pride they have towards their natural beauty. Hair care has unfortunately been an issue for Black people as many often struggle with finding the right products that improve hair growth and hair health. These issues became prevalent during the slavery and Jim Crow era. However, as Black women were innovating new ideas that would provide advanced hair care for Black people, these women helped revolutionize the hair industry. Outlined is a list of some of the most renowned Black inventors who transformed the hair industry for the better: Annie Malone Not only was she one of the first African Americans to become a millionaire, but Annie Malone has also made history by becoming the first woman in America to become a self-made millionaire. Malone had a passion for chemistry from the time she was a child. Her love for chemistry would then lead her to become one of the first African Americans to transform the hair care industry for Black women. Many women were experiencing hair loss by using harmful methods to straighten their hair. Malone invented products that provided women with healthy straight hair without the added damage from heat. The product was called “Wonderful Hair Grower,” and the growth stimulant attracted many customers on the market. When Malone began to hire and train salespeople, her products would receive mass distribution through America, South America, Africa, and the Caribbean. When transitioning over to cosmetics, Malone named her brand “Poro,” and continued to sell both hair care and cosmetics. Poro continued to receive success and led to the opening of Poro College where Black women would be able to receive training on healthy hair care practices and seek future employment opportunities. Madam C.J. Walker Madam C.J. Walker is one of the most recognized African Americans to become a self-made millionaire during the Jim Crow era. Born as Sarah Breedlove to formerly enslaved parents, Walker experienced hair loss, dandruff, and other scalp issues which forced her to turn to the hair industry for help with these problems. In the 1890s, hair loss was a common issue among many Black women due to a lack of indoor plumbing leading to many Black families washing their hair irregularly. Walker began experimenting at home with remedies, treatments, and products that would tailor to her hair type. In the early 1900s, she moved to Colorado where she would work for Annie Malone as a saleswoman to gain more knowledge on hair care. Walker began to create and sell her own hair growth and scalp conditioning products. She then expanded her brand by adding shampoo, oils, and hot combs. Walker went on to establish the Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company and hire sales agents who would receive sales training, build their own businesses, and achieve financial security. Lyda Newman Combing and brushing is key to help one maintain healthy hair, but at one point, Black women were struggling to find a brush suitable for their hair type. This issue was resolved when women’s right Advocate and Inventor Lyda Newman created a newly-designed hairbrush to accommodate Black women’s hair. Newman was working as a hair specialist and noticed the demand for a brush that worked for Black women’s hair. She was 13 years old when she patented the new and improved hair brush design in 1898. The previous brush included bristles that were made out of animal hair while the brushes designed for Black hair had synthetic bristles that were firmer, durable, and did not break easily when used on ethnic hair. The new patent brush also had a unique feature. It contained an air chamber that allowed airflow to the bristles which would help the brush dry much faster. With the brush being cheaper and easier to manufacture, the brush was accessible to women of many backgrounds. Christina Jenkins The hair weave is one the most popular hairstyles among Black women as it provides versatility with different colours, lengths, and hair patterns. The invention of the sew-in hair weave was created by Christina Jenkins in the 1940s. This new technique would bring innovation to the hair industry. While working for a wig manufacturer, Jenkins began doing research to seek alternative ways of attaching hair firmly without using heat or harsh chemicals. This is when the idea of the sew-in was introduced. The hair would be braided into cornrows with or without the use of added hair to form a base. Once the base was completed, the wefts of hair would be sent to the cornrows until all of them were completely covered. Afterwards, the wefts would be styled in any desired way. Jenkins believed that this method would provide a long-lasting voluminous style. In 1951, Jenkins received a patent for this method which still remains popular over 70 years later. The women listed above diversified the industry and opened up avenues of success among Black-owned hair businesses in the hair care industry. In society, there is a wide selection of products and methods available for Black people to use in order to achieve the healthy hair they are worthy of having.
Eight Beautiful Places in Africa
By: Priscilla Wiredu Africa is the second-largest continent in the world, and recognized for being the most culturally enriched and diverse. The continent houses over 50 countries, a collection of distinctive heritages, and a world filled with beauty. Africa is a beautiful place with different landscapes, ranging from vast deserts, to tropical rainforests, and their diverse flora and fauna. The scenic beauty Africa has to offer would leave anyone stunned. It is important to acknowledge the beauty of Africa and not the negative stereotypes that have been placed upon the continent. Africa is not a war-torn barren, disease ridden wasteland, but an entire new world filled with interesting and exciting historical monuments, places, and traditions. Outlined are eight of the most beautiful places in Africa. Lake Naivasha, Kenya Located in Nakuru County, Lake Naivasha is a large, beautiful freshwater lake that sits just outside of Naivasha. The name derives from the Maasai word for “rough water” because of the stormy weather in the area. The 1,844 m elevation makes the lake the highest one in the Great Rift Valley. Beyond its swampland, forests surround the lake making a refreshing day trip, as it is easily accessible from Nairobi. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe The Victoria Falls of Zimbabwe is a breathtaking beautiful waterfall that overlooks the Zambezi River. The waterfall has a natural border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was once named the ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ translated as “The Smoke that Thunders” by the Kololo tribe. The name is derived from the intense spray and thundering noise of the rushing water streaming over the falls. The basalt cliff that curtains the falls turns from a placid river into a tremendous torrent that slashes through a collection of gorges. Another alluring facet of Victoria Falls is the Devil’s Pool. This is known as a place within the falls where people swim and do not have to worry about getting swept over at the edge. A daring, adventurous, and beautiful landmark Victoria Falls encompasses. Avenue of the Baobabs, Madagascar The Avenue of the Baobabs is an ecological historical landmark that links the road between Morondava and Belo Tsiribihina. The rare and ancient baobab trees present an alluring and unique site, marking it as the country’s first official national monument. These trees are giant, dry season deciduous trees aging over 800 years with trunks as wide as 150 feet. But due to modern civilization and massive deforestation, only a handful of baobabs still remain in isolation. Fortunately, the Avenue of the Baobabs receive protection by private organizations to recognize its national natural monument in hopes the trees survive. Baobabs are useful plants. Their trunks are tapped for water during dry season and their leaves are used in salads. Their hard shelled fruits have a tamarind-tasting brown pulp that can turn into a delicious refreshing summer beverage all over Africa and a couscous dessert, called Ngalakh. Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda The Volcanoes National Park is a conservation center for Rwandan mountain gorillas, sheltering the highest number of gorillas in the Virunga Conservation area. The park also houses a variety of golden monkeys, birds, reptiles, amphibians and insects, creating a genuinely safe safari. It originally started as a small area, protecting gorillas from poachers and extinction. However in 1967, Dian Fossey, an American primatologist who did research on gorillas in the Congo, launched the conservation campaign and helped mobilize resources to fight against poaching up until her murder in 1985. The park suffered during the Rwandan Civil War in the 90s. Luckily, in 2005, Rwanda saved the park once again by introducing an annual baby naming ceremony for baby gorillas, the tradition known as “Kwita Iziina’ which not only helped attract tourism but positively influenced an increase in the gorilla population. Fontainhas, Cape Verde Located North of Santo Antao, Fontainhas is what one would call a fairytale village. It is said to have one of the most beautiful views in the world. The village consists of brightly colored houses sprinkled on the edge of a hundred meters-deep cliff. The foot trail gives visitors the opportunity to see luscious green mountains and a beautiful sea view. Further below, there is a small beach for travelers to enjoy, but there is a small trek to get to the beach below. Visitors can also walk across the mountain and see the village of Corvo. Fontainhas is a beautiful landscape with mesmerizing views. Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania The Ngorongoro Crater is a world famous safari destination where tourists can view a multitude of mammals and environments such as wetlands, forests and grasslands. Located in a protected region in Tanzania, it includes a range of ancient volcanoes on the west side of the Great Rift Valley. With its unique picturesque scenery, it has earned the reputation of one of Africa’s natural wonders. The Crater is estimated to be over three million years old, when an active volcano’s cone collapses inward post-eruption. The giant Crater is the sole remnant of said implosion. It is the largest intact volcanic caldera on Earth, and a natural sanctuary for densely populated animals such as spotted hyenas, cheetahs, leopards, jackals and bat-eared foxes. Due to its concentrated nature, it has its own distinct ecosystem. The word Ngorongoro is an onomatopoeic term by the Maasai people of the region. It resembles the sound of a cow bell, making a ngor ngor sound. Tofo, Mozambique A small, unassuming village in the Inhambane Province of Mozambique, Tofo is a traveler’s paradise in East Africa. The origin of Tofo dates back to the pre-colonial era, where the original inhabitants were the Bitenga tribe, where the people were skilled fisherman and traders. When the Portuguese explorers came to Tofo in the 16th century, they established a trading post in the nearby Inhambane province. With its beautiful beach responsive vibe and exciting nightlife, Tofo has many fun activities to offer. People can explore their beautiful waters, from scuba diving, to swimming or surfing, seeing exotic animals such as manta rays and whale sharks. They can
Black Influencers in Social Media You Need to Hear About
By: Lavanya Kathirgamanathan In 2020, since the COVID-19 pandemic, social media has been one of the biggest platforms to gain worldwide recognition. The lockdown created an atmosphere for people to grow and create content while staying home, which led to popular content creators and new advanced skills. According to statistics on Zippia, only 7.2 per cent of content creators are Black or African American. By comparison 61.7 per cent of the content creators are White, while 13.3 per cent of content creators are Hispanic or Latino. Unfortunately, this is not the only issue Black content creators have faced. It has been noted that Black creators are underpaid compared to their White counterparts. Another issue is that White content creators generate the most views while stealing ideas from Black creators who go unnoticed. These issues create a challenge for people of colour to gain an equal opportunity for success in the social media industry. To those who wish to make a living from content creation over social media there are inequalities that need to be addressed. Although the percentage of Black content creators is low, this cohort of creators exists everywhere because of the quality of their work. Many Black influencers create comforting videos that share tips and advice, bringing the audience close and allowing their ideas to inspire others. Being a content creator is one of those careers that can make or break you. Fortunately, the Black community has brought more comfort in their content and less controversy than many others in this career. You can watch a series of interesting videos that cover a range of diverse topics from cooking tips, relationship advice, fashion sense advice, cleaning advice, hairstyle techniques, and fitness advice. Anything that you can think of, the Black community has released videos about it. Listed below are content creators with a strong social media presence who are changing the game and have started their career from rock bottom. Britnee Ciara Britnee Ciara is a Black food content creator who chefs up incredible meals involving her daily routine. She shares her personal experience on how she views food and the benefits of some of the ingredients to her followers. Ciara mentions in some of her videos that sometimes it is hard for her to eat the meals she cooks, and it can be tough to create videos when her mentality is not good, but for her fan base, she does it anyways. Sharing her personal experience while creating this content is authentic to her and her fans. It shows that she has a desire to provide her audience with realistic and passionate videos for their benefit regardless of what she is suffering from internally. Eating disorders are common, the road to recovery is not easy and talking about it is challenging. Ciara briefly mentions how she is slowly recovering from her personal experiences dealing with ED and provides her opinion on how it can be managed if her fans are going through a similar challenge. According to a survey from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL,) they found that 1.5 per cent of adult Black Americans have a higher chance of suffering from bulimia. They also found that binge eating disorder is the most common ED found in the Black community. Ciara aims to bring positivity to her environment in food and lifestyle content. Mo Flowers Mo Flowers is a Black content creator who creates fitness and healthy eating content. She promotes her business as an online coach to share her skills and experience with clients who aim for similar goals and achievements that she promotes. Flowers has been rooting for her fitness experience for over a year and has finally reached an audience where she can turn her social media business as a full-time job. Her main goal is to share her results to help others feel motivated and comfortable to go to the gym, to sustain a healthy lifestyle. While a majority of the fitness influencers are White, creators like Mo Flowers embrace diversity and can inspire her diverse audience to start their fitness journey and be confident. Jackie Aina Jackie Aina is an influencer taking over the social media world with her engaging and entertaining content. Aina is a Nigerian-born woman that is living her glamorous life in Los Angeles creating lifestyle and beauty content. Aina has been creating content for a while now and took her platform to TikTok, where she continues to upload various types of content that are more than just beauty. Her cleaning videos create a space for those who want to feel motivated, calm, and relaxed. As a well-known Black content creator, Aina took her content to the next level and made it one of a kind; with the camera, the lighting, and the way she edits her videos. You will notice that Aina has put a spin on her content to make it her own, and nobody else’s. Jackie Aina creates a welcoming and comforting space for all of her followers and brings empowerment to the Black community with her talent. Aina is one of the many Black content creators who knows how to run the content creator business like a boss. Her enthusiastic personality adds a unique touch to reel in views and followers that want to stay and create a strong community.
Black Maternity
By: Priscilla Wiredu On May 2, 2023, Olympic Medalist Frentorish “Tori” Bowie died after experiencing complications from childbirth. Bowie was eight months pregnant at the time of death with a well-developed fetus when she was going into labor. Reports claim that Bowie may have been having respiratory distress as well as eclampsia; a condition where someone develops seizures following a sudden spike in high blood pressure. As tragic as Bowie’s preventable death was, her death is a wake-up call for many about an alarming trend occurring in America; the mortality rates of Black women in maternity and reproductive rights. Pregnancy-Related Deaths The issue of Black maternity falls on many facets when it comes to reproductive health. Black women have the highest maternal death rate in America than any other ethnic group. A 2021 study revealed that the rate was 69 percent per 100,000 births, making it three times higher than the rate for White women. The most obvious answer to such a jarring trend is simple: racism and discrimination. Maternal emergencies are a common issue amongst Black women. Celebrity status or not, both Serena Williams and Beyonce are two famous Black celebrities that have borne children of their own and faced life-threatening complications with their pregnancies. This issue has been stated as a public health emergency and an impediment to human rights since most of these deaths could have been prevented. In the final stages of a pregnancy being monitored, Black women often experience being undervalued. If they state any unusual symptoms, they are dismissed for their feelings and are told their conditions are not severe. Racial biases can impact the credibility of quality healthcare as complications can impact the level of care patients receive. These problems can stem from direct care or communication issues, where medical history fails to get passed along on behalf of the patient. There are socio economic ties to it as well. Black women fail to follow a healthy diet during pregnancy due to the lack of access to nutritional food. Other issues like poverty, unemployment, and a lack of a proper education about childbirth also contribute to the issue with Black maternal death. Access to Abortion It is not only childbirth that Black women have to deal with; but also abortion access. After the overturning of Roe v. Wade (1973), the concerns for Black women and bodily autonomy became more trivialized. Without equal access to abortion, it is estimated that Black women will have a 30 percent increase in mortality rate from pregnancy and/or childbirth. Also, an increase in the risk of health complications, teen pregnancy, and financial burdens. Black women lack proper access to prenatal care. It is especially limited for Black women who live in low-income areas. Black women in the U.S. are more likely to become obese, which leads to the risk of gestational diabetes, hypertension, and other pregnancy complications. If aftercare is not received, obesity will gradually rise among Black women. Maternal Trauma Simply surviving childbirth is not enough for Black women to access the right to maternal and prenatal care. Black women are twice as likely to suffer severe pregnancy and childbirth complications, with personal stories from Black mothers on being disrespected and brushed off during labor. Black women face many triggers that can lead to a traumatic birth, and other issues like post-traumatic stress disorder and postpartum depression. The stressors range from feeling powerless when in labor or with severe birth-related injuries or physical complications. Severe maternal morbidity is when life-threatening complications arise for the mother during or after childbirth and require life-saving procedures. Racial bias has now been seen as the top reason why Black mothers and their babies face worse situations during birth as opposed to beliefs of poverty and lack of proper care. Highly educated Black moms are more likely to suffer in childbirth than White mothers with no high school diploma. Black celebrities sharing their maternal trauma also nuanced those myths. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, due to high chronic stress, race-based trauma, and fear, the majority of Black women will produce about 15 percent more cortisol, known as a stress hormone, which in turn raises the risk of pregnancy complications. Resources Doctors and researchers have finally taken the role of racism seriously when handling pregnant Black women in prenatal care. Hospitals have also added more training in dealing with discrimination and educating themselves of unconscious bias and microaggressions. In essence, Black women are in solidarity to hold unsafe practices accountable for Black pregnant women. Black Mamas Matter is one of the most prominent pro-Black safe space organizations for expectant mothers. One of Black Mamas Matter’s top missions is policy change. It aims to introduce and advance policy grounded in the human rights framework. This will combat Black maternal health inequity and improve health outcomes. Black Mamas Matter enacts initiatives aimed at cultivating research, advancing care, shifting cultural attitudes, and offering summits for members and those who want to gain more information. Organizations like Black Mamas Matter fight to end the discrimination and morbidity of Black childbirth and motherhood both domestically and internationally.
Five Destructive Moments From America’s Next Top Model
By: Sydnee Walcott An American reality television show that was meant to provide models with an opportunity to showcase their beauty, turned out to be a destructive experience for their career. In 2003, supermodel Tyra Banks created America’s Next Top Model. The show made its debut on the now-defunct United Paramount Network. After successfully premiering six cycles on the UPN, the show decided to air 16 more on The CW before it was officially cancelled in 2015. ANTM would then be renewed and aired by VH1 before its final end in 2018. Banks created ANTM to break barriers and provide aspiring racialized models with the opportunity to gain practical experience in the modeling industry. In each cycle, 12 to 14 contestants competed in photoshoots to showcase their excellence as a model. To prove that the models had potential, the contestants would partake in a series of runway, fashion, and posing challenges. They were also required to participate in mock interviews and attend photoshoots. In just a matter of weeks, the most superior model would make it to the final cut. The last model standing would be declared as the winner of that cycle. The winner would rightfully earn opportunities to advance in their modeling career. These opportunities would include a contract with a top modeling agency, a beauty or fashion campaign, and a feature in a magazine. Out of the 24 contestants competing for the best advancements in their career 22 women won and two men won. The success of ANTM has inspired other countries such as Canada, Britain, and Germany to create spin-offs of the show with their own cultural twist and theme with respect to fashion. Banks also took steps to elevate the show by introducing a petite cycle, all-star cycle, British invasion cycle, college edition cycle, and a co-ed cycle. The contestants that did not win gained enough media presence to start a successful career with modeling and took further steps to sign acting contracts. However, some winners struggled to advance in the modeling industries due to their portrayal on television. Achieving opportunities outside of the show were not the only struggles tied to the show. The show included comical moments within the first eight cycles that were labeled as the golden age of ANTM. There have also been a lot of memorable contestants on the show. However, during the time of the show, viewers would notice discrimination among contestants. For 24 cycles, a discriminatory moment would occur on almost every cycle. These moments include racism, transphobia, body image, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and unnecessary derogatory behaviour. Over the years, contestants and winners such as Adrianne Curry-Rhode, Angelea Preston, and Lisa D’Amato have expressed their negative experience during the show. Many recently realized how destructive the show was during the COVID-19 pandemic. When quarantine was in effect, many people relied on television as a source of entertainment to combat isolation from friends and family. Re-watching these shows had viewers questioning whether Banks was a villain all along, as many reflected on how the show perpetuated a toxic environment for contestants. Many Gen-Z viewers expressed their views on TikTok, Twitter, and YouTube to expose Banks and shed light on the grave disparities in the modeling world. During this time, social media star and music artist Oliver Twixt would record live streams with former contestants and judges who discussed their time on the show. Now deleted, Banks apologized to her viewers on Twitter and has addressed the issues on an episode of The Tamron Hall Show. Given her apology years later, her message does not revoke the damage that has been instilled in the minds of the viewers. When a celebrity chooses to portray negative images over television they influence recent generations to adopt prejudiced behaviour. Outlined below are some of the most destructive moments to appear on the show: Blackface On cycle four of ANTM, the top 11 contestants modeled for a Got Milk photoshoot advertisement where they would be posing with a child. This may seem like a normal photoshoot, but the models uncovered that there would be a twist when they got on set. Creative Director Jay Manuel informed the contestants that they would have to dress up as a different race. This involved models to appear in blackface. This is not the only time blackface would be seen on the show. On cycle 13, referred to as the petite cycle, the top five contestants had their skin darkened to portray biracial women at a photoshoot. This pattern recurred on cycle 17, referred to as the all-star cycle when some of the final 10 contestants appeared in blackface at a Michael Jackson tribute photoshoot. Problems with Blackness After many fans sent clips of Amara La Negra being criticized for embracing her natural hair and Black pride on VH1’s Love and Hip Hop: Miami, Yaya DaCosta, cycle three’s runner up, decided to speak about the discrimination she faced on ANTM. During a panel, the final seven contestants were required to participate in a challenge where they had to select a hat to reflect their personal style. DaCosta is a model and actress who proudly embraces her African heritage. The judges expected her to choose the kenti-designed kufi cap and questioned why she chose the cowboy hat. When she revealed why she opted for the cowboy hat, the judges ridiculed DaCosta. “It looks like you’re about to ride a giraffe,” said judge Nolé Martin. “You have this intensity to prove your Blackness, and I think sometimes it’s overbearing,” said guest judge Rebecca Weinberg. “This [photo] is amazing, but what’s not amazing is your appearance. Think a little glamour as opposed to natural,” said Banks. DaCosta was subjected to negative criticism among judges at the panel. She was also forced to apologize to the judges for criticizing the kufi cap. La Negra’s situation reminded DaCosta that society has not improved. She also spoke about the process to heal from the trauma she endured during her time on ANTM.
The Black Hair Experience: An Exhibition
By: Priscilla Wiredu One attribute that represents Black identity is hair. Hair is one of the most scrutinized attributes of Black people. For centuries, it has been criminalized, stereotyped, and forced to assimilate into Western standards of what is deemed appropriate and socially acceptable. As the years have progressed, there has been an acceptance for natural Black hair. There is a call for Black people to reclaim their natural hair with a sense of pride, self worth, and identity. The Black Hair Experience works to uphold this mission. What is the Black Hair Experience? The Black Hair Experience is a national major pop-up exhibit that travels across American cities and celebrates Black hair. Their vendors are set up to rehash nostalgic and iconic moments of Black culture with affirmations of self love. The exhibit consists of a series of ‘selfie spaces’ for Black people to take photos in an attempt to celebrate black hair. They sell tickets according to which city they are located in, and provide guidelines for visitors to follow. Each group of visitors must choose a time slot in which their session will take place, and how long they will be able to see the exhibit and take photos. The Black Hair Experience also offers a gift shop for those who wish to buy merchandise and souvenirs. They also offer vendor applications for those who wish to claim their own space within the exhibit to sell their own products or services to gain recognition. Currently, the Black Hair Experience is hosting two events at the end of summer. Sip & Snap Atlanta A party where there will be positive vibes, complimentary drinks, and photo ops. Dress code includes bright garments and attire. DMV/D.C: A Black Girl Game Night Hosted on August 26, this game night event will include music, drinks, and photo ops. People are also allowed to book their own events with the Black Hair Experience. Community Outreach The Black Hair Experience believes in giving back to the community and helping the Black youth accept themselves as a visible minority. It further provides the opportunity for entrepreneurs to engage in networking. The two main programs are: ‘We Care’ Workshop The ‘We Care’ Workshops touch on values of self-love and building meaningful, long-lasting relationships. Their initiative is to have Black mothers express self-love and acceptance towards Black girls so that they can gain confidence. The Black Hair Experience is willing to partner with organizations that serve elementary, secondary, and post-secondary high school girls. If one wants to sponsor a workshop, they can contact TBHE for further information. Retail Space Program The Black Hair Experience is not solely driven to bring awareness to authentic and natural Black hair, but to market products made by Black women and women of color. TBHE offers a unique space and opportunity for people willing to tell their stories and sell their products. Those interested in marketing their business will receive a highlight card with a QR Code that will be linked to the business’s social media account. This program allows Black women to tell their experiences candidly to enhance business recognition, placement, and profit. The Black Hair Experience also offers a story page for Black women to read about, relate to, and share their own personal stories regarding their hair, their struggles, and their pride. The Black Hair Experience embodies sharing love, acceptance, and diversity when it comes to Black natural hair. TBHE is continuously seeking for opportunities to connect with others. Their social media channels are available to the public in hopes to garner new and diverse followers. TBHE Instagram TBHE Twitter TBHE Facebook