Black Wedding Traditions: Celebrating Traditions
By: Lavanya Kathirgamanathan In almost every culture, there will be a celebration of joy and happiness through wedding celebrations. When it comes to Black heritage, there are different ways to celebrate weddings whether it is traditionally or culturally. These weddings are organized in a way that shares an unforgettable experience with the ones attending. Often, these wedding traditions have symbolic meanings that reflect historical traditions and diversity within the Black community around the world. This article will discuss the different wedding traditions that are celebrated within countries that celebrate Black history and the origins from where they came from. Jumping the Broom Jumping the Broom is a tradition that originated from Ghana, in the west. When wedding celebrations are facilitated, it is known that the broom holds spiritual value, as it keeps negative energy, evil spirits, and wrong doings away. The act of jumping over the broom symbolizes a new beginning and not looking at the past mistakes and oppression that has confronted the lives of many Black people. Many people enact this ritual for tradition and others choose to engage in the act to symbolize solidarity with their ancestors. A majority of the time, the brooms are passed down through generations, or purchased by the couple themselves for their specific occasion. Kola Nuts Exchange The exchange of kola nuts has been a component of West African weddings for a while. These nuts are used as a symbol of communion and unity among the bride and groom. It also represents the power of healing one another as partners. The kola nut is known to bring good fortune and acceptance into the bride’s family through this exchange. Money Spray Money spray is prominent in African and Caribbean culture during wedding celebrations. The money spray usually tends to occur during the reception, where guests gather around the couple and shower them with money, while the couple dances to traditional music. The purpose of the money spraying tradition is to show prosperity, support, and good wishes for their future. This highlights an aspect of Black culture and the importance of celebrating specific occasions where two people are coming together to start a life. Traditional African Wedding Attire Traditional African wedding attire consists of various different patterns and colours that are significant to their culture. There are regions in Africa that follow specific clothing requirements that represent the country and their heritage. For example in Ghana, dresses and suits are made from kente cloth, which is handwoven with strips of cotton and silk. Whereas in Nigeria, they specifically showcase their clothing involving head wraps called gele head wraps. These head wraps are specifically worn by women getting married. In general, weddings hold significance when it comes to facilitating joy and happiness. Celebrating these events through important traditions demonstrates Black resilience and the spirit Black communities have to offer worldwide. It is important to recognize the cultural aspects of these traditions. Many have been preserved for decades and continue to strengthen their identity through celebration of bringing two people together. These traditions will conquer marriage stereotypes and offer a unique experience.
Destinations To Go To For Black Travelers
By: Lavanya Kathirgamanathan Travelling is one of the most life changing experiences that encourages individuals to take advantage of new foods, scenery, and retail. It brings a new atmosphere that includes a diverse culture, and sense of community unmatched. Travelling is especially important because it allows visitors to expand their horizon in terms of generating an awareness of different architecture, social greetings, and new activities. For black travellers, and those a part of the BIPOC community, exploring and travelling the world has a substantial impact on culture that allows the community to connect with their traditions and learn about their history. This allows travellers to acknowledge that a part of them, and a part of their culture, is interconnected to the world. This article will illustrate a few countries that are the most captivating destinations among travellers and that hold a distinct history towards people of colour. Accra, Ghana This city is one of the top destinations for Black travellers to reconnect with their African roots. Accra is filled with history and culture. Their comforting recipes and food offers a warm and welcoming environment that is a way to get immersed into the Ghanaian heritage. Salvador, Brazil Salvador is the capital of Bahia. This city is filled with Afro Brazilian heritage. Salvador has a district, called the Pelourinho district, that showcases colonial architecture, as well as represents African heritage. You can find many of the artistic architectural sites here in this city. Cape Town, South Africa Cape Town is one of the cities that embodies a diverse multicultural population. Cape Town shares breathtaking landscapes and is a popular destination that shares educational history. This city is known for its historical marking in Nelson Mandela’s imprisonment. The city offers insight on the experiences Mandela faced bringing awareness to the societal issues occuring during this period. South Africa is a place to connect with traditions and culture, it offers new experiences and adventures that shed light on social, political, and historical issues. Kingston, Jamaica Jamaica is an island country that many wish to travel to during their youth. This destination is where reggae music was born. Jamaica is also a place that represents the Rastafari movement. This religious movement was mobilized during the 1930s. The hot sun, fresh coconuts, and uplifting music allow visitors to enjoy a unique culture through its spiritual, healing, and inviting practices. Jamaica is known for its stellar reputation with facilitating cricket matches, it has shaped communities and provided athletes with an enjoyable hobby and outlet. Travelling around the world to destinations that embody Black heritage is one of the most unforgettable experiences that you will not forget about. These destinations embrace Black heritage and other communities that hold the same level of significance. It is important to travel, to experience new environments filled with different traditions, recipes, and activities. Immersing in the unknown can allow one to take on a new adventure and learn about new parts of the world for a comparative understanding of what makes places unique.
Vanessa Williams: The First Black Miss America
By: Priscilla Wiredu In 1983, September was a significant time frame with respect to Black American history. It was a time where Vanessa Williams was crowned the honorary title of first Black Miss America in the Miss America pageant. At the time, it was an important event for Black women in America. It brought awareness to the Black community that a Black woman was able to be recognized as the face of beauty in the nation. However, the tumultuous events that followed her title of Black Miss America should also be addressed. Her resilience, strength, and beauty are some of the qualities aspiring models should look up to. Early Life Vanessa Lynn Williams was born on March 18, 1963 in the Bronx, New York. Her great-great grandfather was William A. Fields, who served as an influential African-American legislator in the Tennessee House of Representatives. Williams was raised as a Catholic in a religious environment and was baptized at Our Lady of Grace Church. She would regularly attend her mother’s piano performances at a church in Briarcliff Manor, where she would help turn sheet music. Williams grew up in Westchester county of New York City. She is known to be the first Black student to succeed from the first grade up until the 12th grade in the Chappaqua Central School District, which was known as an affluent upper-class White suburb. Williams developed an interest for classical and jazz music and playing instruments such as the French horn, piano, and violin. She received a scholarship and attended Syracuse University. In 1981, Williams decided to enroll in the Syracuse College of Visual and Performing Arts to pursue a music major. Winning Miss America 1983 By the age of 20, Williams was approached and offered to participate in the Miss Syracuse pageant after her performance at Syracuse University. At first she was apprehensive about participating in the pageant, but later decided to enter due to the comprehensive scholarship offered. In April 1983, she won the title of Miss Syracuse, which further led her to advance and win Miss New York in July 1983, given her exceptional skills, passion, and talent. During her Miss America pageant, Williams won the ‘Preliminary Swimsuit’ section and ‘Preliminary Talent’ section. This accomplishment led her to develop skills in the talent industry that allowed her to step out of her comfort zone and take on new challenges. On September 17, 1983, Vanessa Williams won Miss America, making her the first Black woman to win a reputable and astonishing title. Backlash, Scandal, and Pushback Williams’ win was an inspiration to many who wished to enter beauty pageants. Yet, her resignation as Miss America was often criticized and condemned. Williams claimed that many Black and White individuals did not support her being the face of America’s beauty standards. Physical attributes including the colour of her eyes, skin, and hair texture were often seen as problematic by many people. She was also targeted, receiving racist backlash, hate mail, and death threats. Williams had been in solidarity with Nina Davuluri, a 2014 winner of Miss America who had received similar treatment after her crowning. Williams was not afraid to confront the hate she received, she also defended other minority contestants who had won their titles and were facing discriminatory remarks. In July 1984, Williams discovered that her nude photos from freshman year at university were leaked and published to Penthouse magazine without her consent. This exposure tarnished her reputation and credibility, forcing her to resign from her position. Resigning from Miss America cost Williams several million dollars worth of brand deals. Yet, she was still authorized and entitled to keep her crown, title, and scholarship money. However, she was prohibited from attending the 1984 Miss America coronation, where the former Miss America passes down her crown to the new queen. Given these challenges, Williams exemplified perseverance and resisted the shame she received by turning it into a positive learning experience. Williams launched a lawsuit against Penthouse, and after several months of fruitless litigation, she had to drop the case and move on with her life. Collaborating with Public Relations Expert Ramon Hervey II, Williams landed an exciting film role in the 1987 romantic comedy The Pick-Up Artist. Only a year later, the two developed a romantic relationship and decided to get married. Williams successfully launched her own music career, signing a record contract with PolyGram, leading to the release of her first musical album, The Right Stuff (1988). The album gained recognition and went gold, with three songs making it to the top 10 charts. The Right Stuff awarded her as the Best New Female Artists title from the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People in 1988, followed by three Grammy award nominations. In 1991, Williams second album The Comfort Zone sold over two million copies that reached a variety of audiences in America, going triple platinum. Many of Williams’ songs reached the top charts and gained popularity. An example of her talent lies within Williams’ renditions of “Colors of the Wind.” Her voice was incorporated in Disney’s 1995 film Pocahontas, which earned Williams yet another Grammy nomination. Williams achieved a successful career in television and film. In 1992, she portrayed the character of Suzanne de Passe in the TV movie The Jacksons: An American Dream. From 2006 to 2010, she portrayed the character of Wilhelmina Slater in Ugly Betty and a recurring role as Renee Filmore-Jones in the famed drama Desperate Housewives. In September 2015, when Williams was the head judge for the 2016 Miss America pageant, CEO Sam Haskell vocalized a public apology to Williams for the controversial events during 1984, 32 years later after the event had occurred. Legacy Vanessa Williams had a tumultuous life after winning Miss America in 1984. Her struggles and achievements remind Black individuals to step outside of their comfort zone to achieve titles in society. Decades later, Black people who have earned reputable titles never imagined racism and hate, despite the increased support that
Resources to Support the Black Community
By: Lavanya Kathirgamanathan Canada is one of the most diverse and safest countries to live in. Toronto, in particular, is a city that embodies diversity and is occupied by various ethnicities. The Black community holds a significant place in the city with its contributions in society. In a large city, it is expected that the community will benefit from an extensive list of resources. These resources can include support in mental health, education, and the workplace through donations, organizations, and people. Many of the organizations listed below are created within the black community to support the needs of academic support, health disparities, mental health support, and legal aid assistance. It is crucial that Toronto provides resources that focus on the growth and success of the Black community. As of 2023, there are currently 6.3 million people living in Toronto, and without the appropriate resource it does not give Black people the opportunity to put forth their talent and skill. To ensure the Black community is able to meet their goals, support in these sectors are crucial. Outlined below are a few links, support groups, and resources offered by the City of Toronto that focus on connecting and supporting Black-owned businesses that are widely accessible to everyone. The Black Health Alliance / BHA The Black Health Alliance aims to provide the Black community with support and care to access equal health care services. They seek to advance opportunities among all genders, races, and sexualities to ensure an organized structure when facilitating health protocols. They are avid on doing their research to provide the appropriate statistics before implementing changes in health care. This demonstrates their credibility to uphold safe health care practices that are fair. The Black Legal Action Centre / BLAC The Black Legan Action Centre offers legal services and support to low-income residents within the Black community in Ontario. This centre is intended to provide a comprehensive list of legal resources to those who need a robust consultation on managing issues. It further provides free legal aid and advice to those who have inquiries about education, the workplace, and government support. This allows citizens to become aware of their services and have an understanding of their disadvantages in society and how to combat them. The Nia Centre for Arts The Nia Centre for Arts is a Toronto-based organization that showcases artistic talent and excellency on behalf of the Black community. The organization promotes creativity, different colour profiles, and connects young and aspiring artists with reputable mentors. To strengthen the arts world, the organization makes it a priority to provide viable skills that artists can use in the workplace. These skills hone in on leadership roles, artistic designs, and networking that can be useful when crafting their own personal artwork portfolio. Black Women in Motion / BWIM Black Women in Motion provides resources in leadership development and mental health for Black women in Toronto. This organization aims to provide healing initiatives to confront the trauma endured on behalf of Black women and provide them with the support and care they require. This community led organization focuses on communication and open discussions to tackle adversities and confront barriers. The organization prioritizes respect and encourages Black women to share their personal stories that are supported in a candid and non-judgemental setting. The Black Business and Professional Association / BBPA The BBPA provides financial assistance to Black students in the educational system and those who wish to advance their business ventures. It is an association that advocates on behalf of Black professionals entering the business sector. It provides connections and networking opportunities to make launching business ventures accessible and efficient. It further issues scholarships that are useful when obtaining resources and support to attend classes relative to their area of expertise and field of study. Toronto is one of the many cities that celebrates diversity and appreciates hard work ethic. It is a welcoming place that offers support towards health and wellness, education, and contronts language barriers to help provide a safe space in the Black community. These organizations help support and strengthen cohesion in the Black community. As Toronto’s population continues to increase, so must the support. It is important to keep encouraging the expansion of resources within the Black community to ensure unique talent and innovation is being accepted and recognized.
Six Ancient African War Weapons
By: Priscilla Wiredu Africa is a continent filled with diverse cultures, people, traditions, and different ways of life. Africa embodies a reputation that is known for creating unique weapons during times of war before the colonial era. These weapons were also used for other activities such as grazing, traditional ceremonies, and events of prestige. There are many distinct kinds of African war weaponry, each with its own story and importance. Human development was said to have peaked with the advancement of tools made in Africa. This article will explore the six most recognized historical African war weapons. The Senegal Dagger Dated as far back as the mid-1800s, the Senegal Dagger was created and used predominantly in times of battle in West Africa. These daggers were made from materials such as bone and iron. The blade of the dagger is commonly compared to a Sanduko Y Daga, a Filipino sword. Modern designs encompass the hilt of the barrel shaped as a Spanish colonial knife. This design included the pommel and stacked disks encompassing the roots of West Africa where the Spanish would often visit. Mambele Mambele swords are a category of swords that were used in Northern and Southern Africa dated as far back as the 1800s. These swords were used for war and for hunting purposes to capture food sources. The sword was made from iron and the design included a sickle-shape with broad blade tip and curved blade for precision and accuracy. The use of a Mambele knife depends on the blade length and curvature. Larger ones were used accompanied with a shield. The way to fight with them required swift footwork and unexpected strikes. Not very useful against armor, the Mambele were also used as a form of intimidation as opposed to being on the battlefield. Smaller Mambele swords were used for hunting, and as a throwing knife against an animal. The blade allows for it to tear across a hide, and conquer prey easily. Nimcha Created around the 17th-18th century, the Nimcha was a weapon used in parts of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. In 1732, it was first used in the battle of Oran, where the Spanish had besieged their land. As with the Mambele, the Nimcha comes in a variety of different forms and were imported from Europe. The two main forms, however, were either a short, deep curved blade or a longer, slender blade with a clipped point. Nimcha hilts are displayed forward, ending in a bud-type style. They are designed to have wooden handles which are flat sided and squared off at a 90 degree handle. These weapons served many purposes and were used on land by warriors and on sea by sailors. The popularity of the Nimcha flourished more at sea, especially in southern Arabia, Yemen, and Zanzibar, where they adopted the design and changed it over time to better suit their needs during battle. Zanzibari swords were more sharply bent with a finger guard, with a cap on the pommel to secure the blade. Arabian Nimcha were used as gifts rather than weapons. Kaskara Believed to have been created around the 16th century, the Kaskara sword is representative of the Western African Savanna front, most notably in places like Chad and the Sudan. Many modern Kaskara swords are known to have a European influence on them, and are created and sold for profit in different parts of Europe. The Kaskara is often worn horizontally across the back, between the upper arm and thorax. The blade measures at about a yard long, is double edged, with a spatula-shaped tip. Unfortunately, many Kaskara swords now may not exist without any European labeling or influence upon them. Many Kaskara today are said to be dated back to the 19th century instead of 400 years earlier, with European designs. Obtaining an authentic fully-African Kaskara is extremely rare in the present times. Khopesh Possibly the oldest weapon on this list, the Khopesh traces centuries back to the third millennium BC in Sumer. It was first derived from axes and were made to fight in combat, making it a unique form of specialized ax. Earlier versions of the Khopesh lacked hilt guards, and the weight of the sword guaranteed enhanced efficiency while cutting through dense materials. A slice from the Khopesh guarantees a slash instead of a deep wound. As the Khopesh evolved, however, garnering an all-metal blade with bronze casting, the cutting power became more aligned and deliberate. The Khopesh is an important tool of Egyptian history, as it became the typical weapon of choice amongst Ancient Egyptian warriors. It is even believed by historians that the Khopesh was the first curved blade to be used as a war sword. From 1570 to 1070 BC, the Khopesh became a symbolic and meaningful representation of royalty, power, and status. This began during the Ptolemaic Dynasty up until the fall of the Egyptian Empire by Rome. Afrakena The Afrakena sword was, and still is, an important part in the Ashanti People of Ghana’s life. These people use this particular sword for ceremonies and traditions. The Dutch had first sighted the use of the Afrakena in the 17th century, noting it as a viable form of the double-edged sword. A video demonstrates how the sword is created and used in many versatile ways. The Afrakena was first used in war, and the blade made it one of the most easily recognizable in history. Its blade is curved and broad, with an unsharpened piece at its neck that allows a stronger and powerful grip to guide movements. The blade is shaped like a spade, one that curves upward toward its tip. Afrakena swords were mostly made out of iron or or imported steel, with flat blades and symbols on them that represented a different virtue. These virtues included spirituality, luck, fortune, and patience. Notably using them in holy and sacred rituals. The sword’s guard and pommel are shaped like a ball that can be made from wood or gold, used
‘Black is Beautiful’ – A Cultural Movement
By: Priscilla Wiredu Black history is not solely recognized for its innovation or how many inventions are accredited by Black inventors, meaningful to society. It is a prime example of confidence, resilience, and a drive to achieve success. One of the most important aspects of Black history is the praise and awareness of self-love. Black people have had to uphold principles of admiration and self-worth to undo the discriminatory injustices held over their livelihood and reputation. When speaking on Black pride, individuals always remember the famous mantra: “Black is Beautiful.” The Cultural Movement Black is Beautiful is more than a quote that encourages the Black community to love themselves and their melanated skin. It started as a cultural movement that began in the 1960s, in America among the fight for equal human rights and Black representation within institutions. In 1962, the movement gained popularity when a nightclub in Harlem known as the Purple Manor was hosting a fashion show called Naturally ‘62. Organized by the African Jazz-Art Society and Studios (AJASS) famed photographer Kwame Brathwaite photographed Black models who rebelled against Western beauty standards. These models expressed their culture and heritage in their most natural self by wearing their hair in afros, as they walked down the aisle wearing traditional clothing. The show was a success that left a profound impact and garnered an encore performance the next night. Soon, it would be recognized as the start of a powerful cultural movement known as Black is Beautiful. Timeline The Naturally ‘62 models were labelled as the Grandassa Models. This name originated from the word ‘Grandassaland,’ a term Black nationalist Carlos Cooks referred to as Africa. What made this fashion show successful was not only the display of Black women, but how these models were hard working women, educators, friends, activists, and homeowners, who took pride and ownership in their Afrocentric self despite social pressure to conform to Western beauty ideals. The positive feedback of the fashion show enabled Black is Beautiful to become a lucrative theme of its kind. Black is Beautiful was marketed almost immediately, with people claiming that they saw something different that they had never seen before. This was Black people unapologetically admiring their skin and exuding Black beauty for Western society to see. The years following brought greater awareness to the movement as Black is Beautiful was recognized among other cities around the country. Kwame Brathwaite was known for helping the movement gain momentum, as his unique photographs captured the evolution and essence of Black beauty and glory in a natural lens. Black is Beautiful is an influential movement that focuses on Black consciousness and the Black Arts movement. However, there was not much support towards Naturally ‘62 when it first debuted. Despite the ongoing militant reform coupled with the civil rights movement, many Black nationalists preferred Black women to possess westernized facial and body features including straight hair, light skin, and a thin body type. Despite this unrealistic expectation, some Activists, such as Abbey Lincoln and Max Roach helped garner attention to the fashion show. This led to increased popularity of the message. Soon after, the Grandassas models appeared on jazz album covers, campaigns for African and Caribbean magazines, and a special feature in an exhibition by the late Brathwaite at the New York Historical Society Museum and Library. The Impact Feminist Sociologist Dr. Meeta Rani Jha illustrated in her book The Global Beauty Industry: Colorism, Racism, and the National Body about how the Black is Beautiful movement was an anti-racist challenge to the dominant White beauty, therefore destabilizing its cultural power. The philosophy behind Black is Beautiful is not only focused on self-love and confidence, but also on emotional and mental well-being. By affirming natural Afro hairstyles and dark skin tones, the Black is Beautiful movement addressed many important aspects of Black identity that are known to this day. Pride and Power African Americans took on these styles to connect to African culture and heritage. Ancient African grooming tools such as the Afro pick were redesigned to encourage Black pride and political/cultural adherence to the Black Power movement. A Cultural Revolution The Black is Beautiful movement also demonstrated itself in the arts, with Black writers using their creativity to support and birth a new Black cultural revolution. Black scholars urged Black Americans to reconnect to African countries, whether it was studying popular languages including Swahili, or reading African literature. Icons of the Black Arts Movement Quite possibly the most remarkable part of the Black is Beautiful movement is the Black celebrities who participated within the movement. Arts Activist Amiri Baraka founded the Black Arts Repertory Theatre School in Harlem and the Spirit House in Newark, New Jersey. His initiatives to encourage Black pride inspired other Black arts organizations across the East Coast, which helped the national movement gain greater awareness and knowledge among citizens. To this day, Black celebrities have made an attempt to contribute and remember Black is Beautiful. Some include Muhammad Ali, Oprah Winfrey, Alicia Keys and Rihanna. Many products and additional movements have been created to inspire Black pride and success for the Black youth and future generations. “Black is Beautiful was my directive. It was a time when people were protesting injustices related to race, class, and human rights around the globe. I focused on my craft so that I could use my gift to inspire thought, relay ideas, and tell stories about our struggle, our work, and our liberation.” – Photojournalist and Activist Kwame Brathwaite.
The Top Six Inventions by Black Inventors
By: Sydnee Walcott Inventions serve a unique purpose and play a fundamental role in life. They each allow individuals to access efficient services that strengthen security and safety. They further push inventors to think critically in a modern society and inspire them to contribute new technological advancements. While many white inventors are praised for their ingenuity and creative side, Black inventors receive little acknowledgement for the inventions that have changed many people’s lives, and are a part of their everyday routine. Inventions have the ability to transform our daily activities into ones that can become less stressful. Inventions provide a sense of stability and safety among others and can make completing daily tasks more tolerable. Without these complex and intricate designs there would be disorganization among all facets of life. Given the advantages of inventions, outlined are six recognizable inventions that were created by Black inventors: The Clock Invented by Benjamin Banneker The invention of timekeeping devices dates back to Ancient Egypt with the introduction of the shadow clock. The shadow clock was the first clock to be made in America, by a Black man. Benjamin Bannejer, the son of formerly enslaved parents, always had a knack for inventions at a young age. He created his first invention at the age of 15 for his family’s tobacco farm. Banneker not only had the time to focus on brainstorming unique ideas but was able to comprehend difficult concepts at a young age in how mechanisms operated. Banneker’s invention included an irrigation system that controlled and regulated the water flow to crops from nearby springs. He was accurate in the timing of the water flow and applied precision to create an efficient system that would help maintain healthy agriculture. However, his biggest invention would be brought to life years later in the 1950s with the invention of the first American clock. While borrowing a pocket watch from an acquaintance, Banneker took the internal body of the watch to study the components and created a fully functioning clock made out of carved wooden pieces. This newly-designed clock incorporated longevity that would last for decades. The success of his self-made clock received positive feedback and it led to Banneker opening up a watch clock repair business. This example demonstrates how there are avenues for success in places that deserve more attention. The clock invention has been used among everyone to help keep track of time during busy days. Mailbox Invented by Phillip Downing If an individual wanted to send or pick up mail they would have to take time out of their day to travel to the closest post office. This is a hassle for those who prefer to send and receive mail without having to make a commute. In 1891, this concept was revolutionized with the invention of the mailbox by Phillip Downing. Known as the street letter box at the time, the newly patented mailbox was convenient for many citizens and post office workers since it made drop-offs and pick-ups easier to manage. The mailbox included a feature that protected mail from being damaged from harsh inclement weather. In addition, a safety feature was incorporated that secured mail until it was picked up by a credible postal employee. Gas Mask Invented by Garret Morgan Firefighters are confronted with risking their lives to protect civilians in a short time frame. This occupation is risky, with some firefighters confronting a very tragic death. In the summer of 1916, there was work being done on a new waterworks tunnel in Cleveland, Ohio when a natural gas pocket exploded. The explosion took the lives of 11 tunnel workers. 18 rescuers entered the tunnel to find survivors with a total of 11 of them dying. The cause of death was due to the lack of safety equipment. The Cleveland Police contacted Garrett A. Morgan with the invention of a patented gas mask two years prior to the explosion. The invention of the gas mask was created after a fire that took the lives of 146 garment workers at a factory in New York in 1911. When smoke is inhaled it can inflame the lungs and cause fire-related deaths and injuries. Morgan had the idea to create an effective mask to provide safer ventilation and oxygen flow while confronted with smoke, gasses, and other harmful pollutants. Although Morgan was confronted with economic issues that hindered the success of the initial launch he worked hard to market the device to fire departments. The device was also used during World War I to protect soldiers from toxic gas. Morgan’s invention enabled many soldiers to successfully fight in battle for their country. Morgan won his first prize for the gas mask at the the Second International Exposition of Safety and Sanitation in New York City. Gas heating Furnace Invented by Alice H. Parker Snow can be enjoyable for many. Snowflakes are beautiful to look at and there are many fun activities people can enjoy in the snow. Some of these activities can include snowball fights, sledding, building a snow fort or simply enjoying the beauty of snowflakes. However, people criticize the freezing and icy temperatures that come with the beauty of snow. Before the invention of the gas heating furnace was created, most people would rely on a fireplace to help keep themselves warm during the cold season. Fireplaces did their job to help keep a building warm, but they were not entirely effective. Inspired by this ineffectiveness, Alice H. Parker invented the gas heating furnace. The furnace consisted of natural gas being pumped into the furnace, creating a heat exchange that processes warm air into the ducts that would generate enough heat to reach every room in a house. In 1919, Parker’s invention was successfully patented and became a starting point for the current heating, ventilation, and air conditioning models we currently enjoy at our own convenience without having to find natural resources for heating. Home Security System Invented by Mary Van Brittan Brown A home is a place
Popular Fashion Started by Black People
By: Sydnee Walcott Black culture is not only embedded in the performing arts scene, but in the fashion scene as well. Historically, Black culture has inspired some of the most groundbreaking fashion trends that transcend to future generations. Unfortunately, Black people continuously face challenges when achieving recognition for their creativity in the fashion industry. The dynamic between the fashion industry and Black culture has always been a challenging relationship. Over the years, popular fashion trends created by Black people have been appropriated and whitewashed by reputable fashion brands. Celebrities often fail to give Black people the recognition that they deserve as they continue to profit off of their designs. A majority of popular clothing, jewelry, nail art, and hairstyle trends include cultural designs and aesthetics from the Black community. Outlined are some of the most popular fashion trends that originated from the culture: The baggy pants trend has a political undertone that resists the status quo, with the style stemming from the loose fitted pants prisoners wore in jail cells. The style would be elevated in the 90s with female celebrities like Aaliyah giving the baggy look a feminine yet edgy touch. Besides rocking her signature hairstyle, the late singer was often seen wearing a tight-fitted shirt known as a crop top with a pair of baggy jeans. Although Aaliyah is known for trending this style, she was not the only artist who brought this style to life during the 90s. The girl group TLC also brought this style to the forefront as members were often actively seen supporting the girly-tomboy style. Although Aaliyah passed away over 20 years ago, she continues to leave a mark on the fashion industry with this popular fashion trend that everyone wants to follow. During the 2000s, sneaker culture has become desired, but its history dates back to the 1960s with the help of Black basketball players who proved that sneakers do not solely have a purpose for the courts. In the 1970s, shoe companies like Puma and Nike recognized how popular sneakers were becoming within the Black community, and wanted to contribute to its commercialization. It was not until the 1980s when sneaker culture would take off as a popular trend with the release of the Air Jordan sneakers by the retired basketball champion himself, Michael Jordan. By the start of the 2000s, sneaker culture had achieved popularity in almost every part of the world and saw no sign of reverting back to traditional sneaker trends. Cornrows, laid edges, weaves, and wigs are protective styles that have been a part of Black culture for many centuries. Not only do these styles help with achieving and maintaining healthy hair, but they also play a significant role in representing Black culture. From the 1960s and 70s, there was a resurgence in these styles. Many Black people began to embrace their heritage during the Black Power Movement. Unfortunately, while Black girls and women have faced criticism for being labelled as “ghetto” for wearing hairstyles that represent their culture, White and Non-Black women are described as “edgy” for wearing hairstyles affiliated with Black culture. White women are providing a positive connotation to these traditional hairstyles while Black women are subjected to discrimination for embracing their identity. This is not to say that Non-Black people cannot wear these hairstyles, however, appropriating them and choosing to not give Black people well-deserved recognition for these styles is unfair and discriminatory. Nail aesthetics date back to Ancient Egypt with royals like Cleopatra and Queen Nefertiti engaging in painting their fingernails and toenails red — a colour that represents a symbol of courage. Florence Griffith-Joyner, a three-time record breaking Olympic track and field athlete, is known to have brought this trend to the modern era during the 1988 Olympics. Not only was her talent as an athlete recognized, but her long acrylic nails were viewed as unique and intriguing. In the 1990s, Black women continued to popularize acrylic nails during the rise of Hip-Hop and R&B culture. The pierced nail look, which involved a piercing of the tip of a nail where a small ring can be added, became popular during this decade with the help of Janet Jackson marketing the look. Today, long acrylic nails are still a common trend with celebrities like Rihanna, Nicki Minaj, and Cardi B continuing to support the long acrylic look. Without Black culture, a lot of popular fashion trends would not have been recognized. So it is important to give Black people credit for their innovative and creative styles, as they helped transform the fashion industry to focus on uniqueness.
Black People Who Revolutionalized The Hair Industry
By: Sydnee Walcott Blacks Who Revolutionized The Hair Industry By: Sydnee Walcott For women of colour, hair is a form of expression that encompasses their identity and culture for centuries. Different hairstyles such as cornrows, single braids, dreadlocks, and afros help with presenting who Black people are and the pride they have towards their natural beauty. Hair care has unfortunately been an issue for Black people as many often struggle with finding the right products that improve hair growth and hair health. These issues became prevalent during the slavery and Jim Crow era. However, as Black women were innovating new ideas that would provide advanced hair care for Black people, these women helped revolutionize the hair industry. Outlined is a list of some of the most renowned Black inventors who transformed the hair industry for the better: Annie Malone Not only was she one of the first African Americans to become a millionaire, but Annie Malone has also made history by becoming the first woman in America to become a self-made millionaire. Malone had a passion for chemistry from the time she was a child. Her love for chemistry would then lead her to become one of the first African Americans to transform the hair care industry for Black women. Many women were experiencing hair loss by using harmful methods to straighten their hair. Malone invented products that provided women with healthy straight hair without the added damage from heat. The product was called “Wonderful Hair Grower,” and the growth stimulant attracted many customers on the market. When Malone began to hire and train salespeople, her products would receive mass distribution through America, South America, Africa, and the Caribbean. When transitioning over to cosmetics, Malone named her brand “Poro,” and continued to sell both hair care and cosmetics. Poro continued to receive success and led to the opening of Poro College where Black women would be able to receive training on healthy hair care practices and seek future employment opportunities. Madam C.J. Walker Madam C.J. Walker is one of the most recognized African Americans to become a self-made millionaire during the Jim Crow era. Born as Sarah Breedlove to formerly enslaved parents, Walker experienced hair loss, dandruff, and other scalp issues which forced her to turn to the hair industry for help with these problems. In the 1890s, hair loss was a common issue among many Black women due to a lack of indoor plumbing leading to many Black families washing their hair irregularly. Walker began experimenting at home with remedies, treatments, and products that would tailor to her hair type. In the early 1900s, she moved to Colorado where she would work for Annie Malone as a saleswoman to gain more knowledge on hair care. Walker began to create and sell her own hair growth and scalp conditioning products. She then expanded her brand by adding shampoo, oils, and hot combs. Walker went on to establish the Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company and hire sales agents who would receive sales training, build their own businesses, and achieve financial security. Lyda Newman Combing and brushing is key to help one maintain healthy hair, but at one point, Black women were struggling to find a brush suitable for their hair type. This issue was resolved when women’s right Advocate and Inventor Lyda Newman created a newly-designed hairbrush to accommodate Black women’s hair. Newman was working as a hair specialist and noticed the demand for a brush that worked for Black women’s hair. She was 13 years old when she patented the new and improved hair brush design in 1898. The previous brush included bristles that were made out of animal hair while the brushes designed for Black hair had synthetic bristles that were firmer, durable, and did not break easily when used on ethnic hair. The new patent brush also had a unique feature. It contained an air chamber that allowed airflow to the bristles which would help the brush dry much faster. With the brush being cheaper and easier to manufacture, the brush was accessible to women of many backgrounds. Christina Jenkins The hair weave is one the most popular hairstyles among Black women as it provides versatility with different colours, lengths, and hair patterns. The invention of the sew-in hair weave was created by Christina Jenkins in the 1940s. This new technique would bring innovation to the hair industry. While working for a wig manufacturer, Jenkins began doing research to seek alternative ways of attaching hair firmly without using heat or harsh chemicals. This is when the idea of the sew-in was introduced. The hair would be braided into cornrows with or without the use of added hair to form a base. Once the base was completed, the wefts of hair would be sent to the cornrows until all of them were completely covered. Afterwards, the wefts would be styled in any desired way. Jenkins believed that this method would provide a long-lasting voluminous style. In 1951, Jenkins received a patent for this method which still remains popular over 70 years later. The women listed above diversified the industry and opened up avenues of success among Black-owned hair businesses in the hair care industry. In society, there is a wide selection of products and methods available for Black people to use in order to achieve the healthy hair they are worthy of having.
Eight Beautiful Places in Africa
By: Priscilla Wiredu Africa is the second-largest continent in the world, and recognized for being the most culturally enriched and diverse. The continent houses over 50 countries, a collection of distinctive heritages, and a world filled with beauty. Africa is a beautiful place with different landscapes, ranging from vast deserts, to tropical rainforests, and their diverse flora and fauna. The scenic beauty Africa has to offer would leave anyone stunned. It is important to acknowledge the beauty of Africa and not the negative stereotypes that have been placed upon the continent. Africa is not a war-torn barren, disease ridden wasteland, but an entire new world filled with interesting and exciting historical monuments, places, and traditions. Outlined are eight of the most beautiful places in Africa. Lake Naivasha, Kenya Located in Nakuru County, Lake Naivasha is a large, beautiful freshwater lake that sits just outside of Naivasha. The name derives from the Maasai word for “rough water” because of the stormy weather in the area. The 1,844 m elevation makes the lake the highest one in the Great Rift Valley. Beyond its swampland, forests surround the lake making a refreshing day trip, as it is easily accessible from Nairobi. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe The Victoria Falls of Zimbabwe is a breathtaking beautiful waterfall that overlooks the Zambezi River. The waterfall has a natural border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was once named the ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ translated as “The Smoke that Thunders” by the Kololo tribe. The name is derived from the intense spray and thundering noise of the rushing water streaming over the falls. The basalt cliff that curtains the falls turns from a placid river into a tremendous torrent that slashes through a collection of gorges. Another alluring facet of Victoria Falls is the Devil’s Pool. This is known as a place within the falls where people swim and do not have to worry about getting swept over at the edge. A daring, adventurous, and beautiful landmark Victoria Falls encompasses. Avenue of the Baobabs, Madagascar The Avenue of the Baobabs is an ecological historical landmark that links the road between Morondava and Belo Tsiribihina. The rare and ancient baobab trees present an alluring and unique site, marking it as the country’s first official national monument. These trees are giant, dry season deciduous trees aging over 800 years with trunks as wide as 150 feet. But due to modern civilization and massive deforestation, only a handful of baobabs still remain in isolation. Fortunately, the Avenue of the Baobabs receive protection by private organizations to recognize its national natural monument in hopes the trees survive. Baobabs are useful plants. Their trunks are tapped for water during dry season and their leaves are used in salads. Their hard shelled fruits have a tamarind-tasting brown pulp that can turn into a delicious refreshing summer beverage all over Africa and a couscous dessert, called Ngalakh. Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda The Volcanoes National Park is a conservation center for Rwandan mountain gorillas, sheltering the highest number of gorillas in the Virunga Conservation area. The park also houses a variety of golden monkeys, birds, reptiles, amphibians and insects, creating a genuinely safe safari. It originally started as a small area, protecting gorillas from poachers and extinction. However in 1967, Dian Fossey, an American primatologist who did research on gorillas in the Congo, launched the conservation campaign and helped mobilize resources to fight against poaching up until her murder in 1985. The park suffered during the Rwandan Civil War in the 90s. Luckily, in 2005, Rwanda saved the park once again by introducing an annual baby naming ceremony for baby gorillas, the tradition known as “Kwita Iziina’ which not only helped attract tourism but positively influenced an increase in the gorilla population. Fontainhas, Cape Verde Located North of Santo Antao, Fontainhas is what one would call a fairytale village. It is said to have one of the most beautiful views in the world. The village consists of brightly colored houses sprinkled on the edge of a hundred meters-deep cliff. The foot trail gives visitors the opportunity to see luscious green mountains and a beautiful sea view. Further below, there is a small beach for travelers to enjoy, but there is a small trek to get to the beach below. Visitors can also walk across the mountain and see the village of Corvo. Fontainhas is a beautiful landscape with mesmerizing views. Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania The Ngorongoro Crater is a world famous safari destination where tourists can view a multitude of mammals and environments such as wetlands, forests and grasslands. Located in a protected region in Tanzania, it includes a range of ancient volcanoes on the west side of the Great Rift Valley. With its unique picturesque scenery, it has earned the reputation of one of Africa’s natural wonders. The Crater is estimated to be over three million years old, when an active volcano’s cone collapses inward post-eruption. The giant Crater is the sole remnant of said implosion. It is the largest intact volcanic caldera on Earth, and a natural sanctuary for densely populated animals such as spotted hyenas, cheetahs, leopards, jackals and bat-eared foxes. Due to its concentrated nature, it has its own distinct ecosystem. The word Ngorongoro is an onomatopoeic term by the Maasai people of the region. It resembles the sound of a cow bell, making a ngor ngor sound. Tofo, Mozambique A small, unassuming village in the Inhambane Province of Mozambique, Tofo is a traveler’s paradise in East Africa. The origin of Tofo dates back to the pre-colonial era, where the original inhabitants were the Bitenga tribe, where the people were skilled fisherman and traders. When the Portuguese explorers came to Tofo in the 16th century, they established a trading post in the nearby Inhambane province. With its beautiful beach responsive vibe and exciting nightlife, Tofo has many fun activities to offer. People can explore their beautiful waters, from scuba diving, to swimming or surfing, seeing exotic animals such as manta rays and whale sharks. They can